There is more butane added to gasoline in the winter months to improve vaporization of the fuel. This is the primary reason that cost (generally), and mpg both go down. Butane does not have as much energy. During the summer months, the vaporization rate must be considerably lower, to prevent the fuel from vaporizing too quickly. Hence the cost goes up and so does the mpg to some extent. Winter is the worse time to try and determine accurately what your vehicle is doing for mpg. Lubes in differentials are thicker, winds generally are blowing more and harder, the cold air itself is more dense and therefore it takes more to push thru it, and on and on. For anyone living in the upper Midwest this year from Nebraska to Indiana, no one is getting anywhere near the mpg that the vehicle is capable of. This has been an especially cold and windy winter.
And to muddy this all up, different sections of the country have different standards regarding gas blends and different dates that changeovers occur. This is why there are dozens and dozens of fuel specifications out there, and that also has a tendency to add to the cost of fuel for everyone. If we could just get the fuel standards on winter/summer fuel down nationwide to say, four, it would knock some of the price off for everyone. Refineries have to put out a mess of different blends depending on where it is going and what month it is targeted for. The EPA was bad enough in all of this, but states have decided they don't want to be left out of the game either, so we have a laundry list of standards that vary all over the country. Yet another example of government gone wild.